Dry eye (KCS) in pets - Causes, diagnosis and treatment

Dry eye, or keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), is a condition in which insufficient tear production occurs. The tear film protects and nourishes the eye; when it is deficient, irritation, pain, and a risk of corneal damage arise. KCS occurs mainly in dogs but can also affect cats.

In this article, we discuss the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of dry eye in pets.

What is KCS (dry eye)?

KCS is a deficiency in tear production that causes the eye to dry out and become inflamed. This often leads to chronic irritation and corneal problems.

Causes of KCS

• Autoimmune reactions that affect the tear gland (most common in dogs)
• Side effects of certain medications
• Chronic eye infections or inflammation
• Trauma or surgery involving the tear gland
• Rarely, congenital abnormalities
• Dehydration following anesthesia
• Neurological causes
• Tumor-related causes

Symptoms of KCS

• Red, irritated eyes
• Thick, mucus-like eye discharge
• Squinting (pain)
• Cloudy or dull cornea
• Loss of vision in severe cases
• Pigmentation
• Ulcer (a wound on the eye)

Diagnosis of KCS

The diagnosis is made using the Schirmer Tear Test (STT), in which the amount of tear production is measured with a special strip of paper. In addition, fluorescein staining can be used to detect damage to the cornea.

Treatment of KCS

• Artificial tears and lubricants to keep the eyes moist.
• Medication that stimulates the tear gland, such as cyclosporine or tacrolimus.
• Antibiotics or ointment for secondary infections.
• Surgical options such as parotid duct transposition (rerouting a salivary gland to the eye) in very severe cases.
• Treating the underlying cause.

Prognosis

The prognosis is usually good with consistent treatment. KCS is often a chronic condition that requires lifelong therapy.

Want to know more?

Read more about ophthalmology at Nesto. Our veterinarians have extensive experience in diagnosing and treating dry eye (KCS) in dogs and cats.

Frequently asked questions (FAQ)

Is KCS painful for my pet?

Yes, dry eyes often cause pain and irritation due to insufficient protection of the cornea.

Can KCS be cured?

No, it is usually a chronic condition that requires lifelong treatment.

Is KCS more common in dogs or cats?

It occurs much more frequently in dogs, especially in certain breeds such as the Cocker Spaniel, Bulldog, Shih Tzu, Pug, and Lhasa Apso.

How do I know if my pet has KCS?

Typical symptoms include red eyes, thick mucus-like discharge, and squinting.

What treatments are available for KCS?

Artificial tears, medication that stimulates the tear gland, and, in severe cases, surgical procedures.