Removing a foreign body in pets - Gastrointestinal surgery

Swallowing a foreign object is a common problem in dogs and, to a lesser extent, cats. Toys, bones, stones, needles, string, and other objects can become lodged in the stomach or intestines and may lead to a life-threatening obstruction. If your pet has swallowed a foreign object very recently (within 2 hours), in some cases inducing vomiting in the dog or cat may be attempted. If the foreign object is located in the stomach or the first part of the intestine, it can sometimes be removed via endoscopy. In other cases, surgery is necessary to safely remove the object and prevent further damage. 

In this article, we discuss the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and surgical treatment options (enterotomy, enterectomy, gastrotomy, and gastrectomy) in dogs and cats.

Why do animals swallow foreign objects?

Dogs are curious and often chew on or eat objects that cannot be digested. In cats, this behavior is mainly seen during play or in so-called 'pica' syndrome, in which animals eat non-food items. Linear objects such as thread, ribbon, or string are particularly dangerous for cats.

Symptoms of an obstruction caused by a foreign object

• Vomiting (sometimes with blood)
• Reduced appetite or refusal to eat
• Abdominal pain and restlessness
• Diarrhea or, conversely, no bowel movements
• Lethargy and dehydration
• Drooling and attempts to vomit up the object

Diagnosing a foreign object

The diagnosis is made using:

• Physical examination and history (owners sometimes witness the swallowing)
• X-rays: objects or gas buildup may be visible
• Contrast studies if the object is not visible
• Ultrasound to assess the location and any complications
• Endoscopy for diagnosis and possible removal from the stomach

Surgical treatments

Gastrotomy (stomach)

In a gastrotomy, the stomach is surgically opened to remove the object. This is used when the object is too large to be removed via endoscopy.

Gastrectomy (partial removal of the stomach)

In rare cases, part of the stomach may be severely damaged by a foreign object. In such cases, a gastrectomy (removal of part of the stomach) may be necessary.

Enterotomy (opening the small intestine)

In the case of an obstruction in the small intestine, the surgeon can remove the object through a small incision in the intestinal wall. This is often successful if the intestinal wall is still viable.

Enterectomy (removal of part of the intestine)

If the intestinal wall is severely damaged, necrotic, or perforated, the affected section must be removed. The two healthy ends are then reconnected (anastomosis).

Recovery and aftercare

After surgery, hospitalization is often required for pain management, IV fluids, and monitoring. The animal is given adapted nutrition and must rest quietly during recovery. Possible complications include suture leakage, infections, or renewed obstructions. The prognosis is generally good, especially with prompt intervention and no serious complications.

Want to know more?

Read more about our services in soft tissue surgery and emergency surgery. Our specialized surgeons at Nesto have extensive experience removing foreign objects and use modern techniques to minimize complications.

Frequently asked questions (FAQ)

What is an enterotomy?

A surgical procedure in which the small intestine is opened to remove a foreign object.

What is the difference between enterotomy and enterectomy?

In an enterotomy, the intestine is opened; in an enterectomy, a damaged section of the intestine is removed.

Can a foreign object always be removed via endoscopy?

Not always - large or sharp objects often require surgery.

What are the risks of the surgery?

As with any abdominal surgery: infection, leakage, or delayed recovery. Prompt intervention reduces these risks.

What is the prognosis after surgery?

Generally good, provided there was no serious intestinal damage or complications.