Spaying and neutering in pets - Benefits, risks and recovery

Spaying is a common surgical procedure in female dogs and cats to prevent reproduction. In veterinary medicine, the term 'sterilization' is often used, while technically what is usually performed is an ovariectomy or ovariohysterectomy (the complete removal of the ovaries, or of the ovaries together with the uterus). Spaying can offer important health benefits, such as preventing uterine infection and reducing the risk of mammary gland cancer.

In this article, we discuss the reasons for, procedure, benefits, risks, and aftercare of spaying and neutering in pets.

What is spaying/neutering?

In spaying/neutering, the animal's fertility is permanently eliminated. Colloquially, this refers to the removal of the ovaries (ovariectomy) or of both the ovaries and uterus (ovariohysterectomy). Simply cutting the fallopian tubes (tubal ligation) is rarely performed in veterinary medicine, since it lacks the health benefits of spaying/neutering.

Reasons for spaying/neutering

• Preventing unwanted pregnancy
• Reducing the risk of serious illnesses such as uterine infection (pyometra)
• Reducing the risk of mammary gland cancer with early spaying
• Fewer behavioral problems related to heat cycles
• Practical reasons for owners (no more heat cycles)

Benefits of spaying/neutering

• Prevents life-threatening conditions such as pyometra
• Reduces the risk of mammary gland cancer when performed early
• No more unwanted litters
• Calmer behavior during breeding seasons
• No more heat cycles (female dogs) or estrus (female cats)

Possible drawbacks and risks

• Surgical risks such as bleeding or infection (low with routine procedures)
• Weight gain due to a slower metabolism; adjusted diet and exercise are needed
• Coat changes in some breeds
• Possible increased risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs, especially with early spaying in large breeds

The procedure

Spaying/neutering is performed under general anesthesia. Through a small incision in the abdomen, the ovaries are removed, sometimes together with the uterus. This can be done via a traditional abdominal incision or via laparoscopy (keyhole surgery), which requires smaller incisions. The procedure is usually quick, and the animals can go home the same day.

Aftercare and recovery

Good aftercare is important after surgery:

• Rest for 7–10 days
• Keeping the wound clean and dry
• Possibly an Elizabethan collar or bodysuit to prevent licking
• Pain relief as prescribed
• An adjusted diet to prevent weight gain

Most animals recover smoothly and without complications.

Sterilization versus neutering

Although the term 'sterilization' is often used, 'neutering' (or 'spaying') is technically the more correct term, since the ovaries are completely removed. The difference is that in true sterilization only the fallopian tubes are severed, but this is almost never done in pets because it lacks the health benefits.

Recovery and prognosis

The prognosis after spaying/neutering is excellent. With proper aftercare and dietary guidance, most animals benefit from a longer and healthier life.

Want to know more?

Read more about our services in reproductive medicine and surgery. Our specialized veterinarians at Nesto have extensive experience with spaying/neutering procedures and can advise you on the best timing and method for your dog or cat.

Frequently asked questions (FAQ)

What is the difference between sterilization and neutering?

In neutering, the ovaries are removed; in sterilization, only the fallopian tubes are severed. In veterinary medicine, "sterilization" usually refers to neutering.

What is the best age for spaying/neutering?

Usually from 6 months onward, depending on breed, size, and health.

Will my pet gain weight after spaying/neutering?

Metabolism slows down, which can lead to weight gain. An adjusted diet and exercise can prevent this.

Is spaying/neutering a safe procedure?

Yes, it is one of the most commonly performed and safest surgeries in pets.

What are the health benefits?

No more risk of pyometra, a lower risk of mammary gland cancer, and no more heat cycles or estrus.